The effects of community-based green exercise on health, wellbeing, and physical activity participation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the quantitative and qualitative literature

The aim of the study was to systematically retrieve and analyse current published literature and grey literature regarding the impact of community-based outdoor physical activity (PA) interventions on quantitative and qualitative measures of health and wellbeing in adults and children. A systematic review of seven databases was undertaken in February-April 2022 and September 2024. Overall, 57 outdoor community-based PA intervention studies were included. Meta-analysis results revealed a small-to-moderate positive effect for green exercise (GE) on measures of general health and mental health from pre-to-post intervention, with some evidence of greater benefits on overall health and PA compared to no exercise engagement. Quantitative and qualitative data synthesis indicated positive effects on mental wellbeing and PA engagement when interventions lasted 45 -90 minutes over 6 -13 weeks, with the greatest benefits displayed after walking and multi-activity interventions. A content analysis of qualitative findings emphasises the importance of social opportunities for GE uptake and adherence, and recommended developing low-cost, accessible, fun, and varied exercise opportunities in collaboration with community stakeholders. This comprehensive and robust evidence synthesis demonstrates the positive impact of GE engagement on mental wellbeing and PA, offering novel guidance for the creation, application, and promotion of community-based GE projects.